Juvenile and Adult Courts Essay

One situation that is an issue in our general public is wrongdoing among our adolescents. Wrongdoing is wherever that is brought about by the two grown-ups and youth. Day by day we know about killings, thefts, and assaults that have been submitted by adolescents. The Juvenile Court with Adult Court is extraordinary and comparable in the criminal equity framework. A gander at the adolescent history in 1643 a multi year old kid was executed for sodomizing a bovine. Today numerous states differ in the execution of adolescents. In the current day the expanding viciousness, both adolescent and grown-up framework has changed throughout the years (Simmons 2002). The adolescent way of thinking in adolescent courts was to offer the young an individualized equity and treatment as opposed to bestowing equity and discipline. The adolescent court is distinctive then grown-up court and from prior times of American history was ensuring the youngsters. The center is treatment and the wellbeing of the kid in the air. Since the expansion of genuine fierce violations by adolescents policymakers have contended for harder punishments are required in dissuading wrongdoing among adolescents. This caused an expansion of adolescents in grown-up courts. It appears that harder approaches have not diminish or deflect adolescents for carrying out genuine violations. There are five significant ways adolescents get moved to grown-up courts. 1. Optional legal wavier, 2. Compulsory legal wavier, 3. Hypothetical legal wavier, when the weight of the evidence is on the adolescent courts is increasingly suitable, 4. Prosecutorial heading to charge in grown-up court, 5. Legal avoidance arrangement, which naturally reject certainâ juveniles because of their age (Simmons 2002). Similitudes: Juvenile and Adult. You can pose yourself two inquiries? Do adolescents who are in grown-ups court getting rewarded brutal contrasted with postulations in adolescents court? Do adolescents in grown-ups court not rehash offense that those in adolescent court? As indicated by the Serious Violent Juveniles Offenders study bunch no genuine investigation has been done on the two inquiries a significant number of us pose to ourselves. The adolescent/grown-up equity framework alludes to the police, the adolescent/grown-up courts, their admission and post trial supervisors, lawyers for the state and the adolescent/grown-up/guardians, adolescent/grown-ups detainment/prison resources, adolescent/grown-up restorative resources, social specialist that place adolescents that are court requested. Every zone of the framework has various discretions that hold the framework in line. Adolescents/grown-ups both reserve the privilege to get Miranda notice. Adolescents/grown-ups are shielded from biased setups makers (Kalinich, Klofas, and Stojkovic 2003). Comparable rules shield adolescents and grown-ups from conceding blame. Examiners and barrier lawyer both have a noteworthy duty in both adolescent and grown-up promotion. Adolescents and grown-ups have both the privilege to a direction for the court procedures. Similitudes of arrangement or request jumping exist in the two adolescents and grown-ups wrongdoers. Adolescents and grown-ups both reserve the option to a consultation and offer. Adolescents and grown-ups can be both set waiting on the post trial process. The two adolescents and grown-ups can be confining for pretrial in prison. Adolescents and grown-ups can be kept in correctional facilities without bail, on the off chance that they are a danger or hazardous. After the path the two adolescents and grown-ups can be put into a treatment program (Kalinich, Klofas, and Stojkovic 2003). Diferences: Juveniles and Adult. The adolescent and grown-up frameworks are comparative from numerous points of view but then are additionally extraordinary from various perspectives. In the adolescent framework the standard of proof of adolescent misconduct settlings, in grown-up court trail it is the proofâ beyond a sensible uncertainty (Kalinich, Klofas, and Stojkovic 2003). The crucial reason for the adolescent courts is to secure and treatment for the youngster. Though grown-ups the center is to rebuff the liable. Age decides the ward for an adolescent in adolescent court. The idea of the offense decides locale in the grown-up framework (Kalinich, Klofas, and Stojkovic 2003). Adolescents continuing are not viewed as criminal; grown-up procedures are. Adolescent court continuing are typically casual and private. Though grown-up courts are held progressively formal and are available to people in general and are not private. Courts can discharge the personality or any data about an adolescent in a path to the media, yet the courts must discharge any data in regards to a grown-up to the media (Kalinich, Klofas, and Stojkovic 2003). Adolescents can be kept for acts that would not be viewed as criminal in the event that they were grown-ups, status offense. In the adolescent court guardians/watchmen are engaged with each progression of the procedures, yet not in the adults’ procedure. The adolescent can be discharge to their folks/gatekeepers oversight if the charge isn't a lawful offense or if there is a requirement for assurance. Grown-ups if not a danger or perilous are given an opportunities for bail (Kalinich, Klofas, and Stojkovic 2003). Some significant contrasts among adolescents and grown-ups are the issue that adolescents reserve no privilege to a jury trail, grown-ups have that right. Adolescents who are addressed by a cop can simply give their names and address; they guardians/gatekeepers must be told. Adolescents can be looked yet should communicate dismissal, yet in a school sitting an inquiry without reasonable justification is substantial. For grown-ups they are confined and should address any question they decide to reply without a lawyer, scans are accomplished for official wellbeing, reasonable justification must be available. A juveniles’ record can be fixed at the period of development, for the most part at 18 years old years old. For grown-ups the records are changeless (Kalinich, Klofas, and Stojkovic 2003). Advantages and disservices of adolescent court from the point of view of a young guilty party. Capital punishment is a conservational issue in the criminal equity framework today. The death penalty is permitted in 35 states. Over the previous years a portion of those that were executed were seventeen years of age when they carried out the wrongdoing of homicide. The Supreme Court governed on account of Thompson v. Oklahoma 1988 that it is illegal to execute adolescents who carry out a wrongdoing at 15 years old years old (Kalinich, Klofas, and Stojkovic 2003). At that point a year later the Supreme Court administered an adolescent who perpetrates a wrongdoing at 16 years old can be executed. Despite the fact that Thompson’s life was saved this despite everything leaves an inquiry whether juveniles’ murders are hoodlums who have the right amazing whether they can be restore to figure out how to carry on with a beneficial life. The issue is more conservational for executing adolescents then grown-ups (Allard, Young. 2002). Regardless of the rights made sure about by the case Gerald Gaullt, adolescents can in any case de denied of some opportunity for activities that would be viewed as criminal if a grown-up. A portion of these offenses are truancy, fleeing, and hopelessness. Adolescents are minors and are juvenile, unable and insurance is deferred on the off chance that they carry out a grown-up wrongdoing. The adolescent framework is been condemned in light of the fact that youngsters have numerous rights that made the scarcely discernible difference be less characterize among youth and adulthood (Kalinich, Klofas, and Stojkovic 2003). Thinking for an adolescent guilty party is the crisp start of another life after the age of 18 years old, adolescent records are fixed. The possibility that you can be dealt with and to comprehend an existence of wrongdoing possibly makes life harder while turning into a grown-up. Cultural ramifications of annulling adolescent court. The adolescent framework is set up to ensure the wellbeing of the kid. Since the difference in wrongdoing and time adolescents are carrying out grown-up violations. The framework is so well build up. Judges direct adolescent court in allâ states. The ramifications of getting rid of the adolescent framework will simply just aim confounding and cause the framework to impede the whole criminal equity framework. Suggestions for the fate of the Juvenile Justice framework. The adolescent court of things to come will probably stay in our general public. The focal point of things to come adolescent court is to mediate for the benefit of youngsters and families in emergency. The court’s purview later on perhaps to concentrate less on reprobate cases that included adolescents who are more seasoned and have carried out genuine wrongdoing. The focal point of the wellbeing of the youngster will remain the establishment of the framework (Roleff 2000) The fate of children’s rights lie in the hands of each state. The historical backdrop of the adolescent equity framework has brought its own political, monetary, and social difficulties, their will consistently be conservational issues. The eventual fate of the framework is that kids presently have the genuine chance to communicate their voice and thoughts on how they can improve their reality. The future objective should concentrate on early mediation, the adolescent court faculty must work outside the framework to locate the best for the youngster. A proceeding with normal for the framework will consistently be age based ward (Roleff 2000). The future pattern in the adolescent framework will be the issues of adolescents start moved to grown-up court. The scarce difference of adolescent court verges between grown-up courts of those adolescents who carry out a genuine wrongdoing. Hazard Assessment is instruments that are finished for each adolescent that enters the court framework. The appraisal should change with time, to fit the adolescent. These projects that are come about because of the appraisal center, on counteraction or recovery. Anticipation programs are to keep adolescents from turning out to be delinquents. Recovery programs are to concentrate on decreasing misconduct. What's more, quite possibly with their voice and their folks and the assistance of each state will expectedness change future thoughts. I work at the Pima County Adult Detention Center here in Tucson; the prison holds adolescents who have carried out grown-up wrongdoings in the West Facility. The unit is viewed as a particular unit; the unit utilizes a point framework to empower positive practices. The treatment programs is entirely unexpected then the grown-up prisoners. They additionally get hold dinners and tidbits

Intra-Racial Discrimination

Krystal LopezPage 1 10/23/11 Hispanics Vs. Hispanics: Inter-racial Discrimination Many Americans accept that racial separation is not, at this point tricky in the present society. Circumstances of interracial segregation are frequently refered to, yet this doesn't to consider that there is regularly struggle inside the race too. This misinterpretation originates from the way that assorted variety among the racial gatherings is frequently neglected. Intra-racial segregation is the point at which an individual or gathering of individuals of a similar race use factors including, however not constrained to, financial foundation, appearance, and family shading. Social or working environment chains of importance regularly create under racial impact. Threats and strains can live in each race of minority, yet it is profoundly clear in the Hispanic people group. Intra-racial separation has sweeping impacts on the individual minority, however on the race all in all. The weight of this kind of separation influences how Hispanics team up inside a general public of American prevalence. For example, individuals of Hispanic plunge who don't communicate in Spanish are frequently abused by individuals of their own, ethnic foundation. These individuals may be found ulturally missing and rewarded uniquely in contrast to those that communicate in the language. The distinctions inside a particular race are simply that. They are simply hereditary or social, and don't hold any esteem. It turns into a matter of social impression of what is normal as opposed to a real social need. Commonly among Hispanics and other ethnic minorities, separation is an expanding fact seen even in the working environment. With the Hispanic populace developing quickly, alongside their expanding quantities of business, it is turning out to be progressively clear that entomb and intra-racial iscrimination will target them as the two casualties and culprits. A progressive system, or hierarchy among races and inside races, and one-sided the executives are some of prime instances of work environment disparities. Circumstances like these happen due to the absence of individuals' comprehension of decent variety. Page 2 Discrimination is additionally common inside a race as found in how some accept that changing skin tones is cause for racial dissimilarity. With a wide cluster of skin tones, Hispanics accept they are effortlessly focused for disparagement and abuse. Indeed, even inside their own race, some accept that lighter skin tones rovide them substantially more chances, and can assist them with being progressively fruitful in a white overwhelmed network. More open doors were given for those lighter skin. Not exclusively do Hispanics in America face more segregation concerning their external appearance, they likewise manage the consistent skirmish of being denounced that they are not being sufficiently ethnic, or being too â€Å"Americanized† and not keeping their way of life and conventions alive. Some portion of the Hispanic populace over the Mexican fringe feel that American Hispanics are â€Å"traitors† to their thnicity since they have denied themselves their rich, verifiable culture and in this manner relinquished their foundations. Some Non-White Hispanics victimize their own race, not due to any physical contrasts, but since of the similitudes they share. Some relate to whites to such a degree, that they accept they are white themselves. Eventually, being victimized can prompt the dishonorable forswearing of one's self and their legacy, in order to become an all the more effectively acknowledged individual from a dominatingly White America. Their desire is to absorb into the way of life and to â€Å"fit in†. In the article, Raising the Status of the Cashier, Agius and Lee report on their discoveries while watching the cooperation between Hispanic clerks conceived in another nation and their white clients. The consequences of their multi month long perceptions and their twenty meetings, was astounding. La Canasta is an ethnic market taking into account the Hispanic populace in the region. At the point when it was initially proposed for that territory, neighborhood networks attempted to prevent it from being placed in. The representatives are for the most part Hispanic and the clerks are for the most part Hispanic females that were conceived in another nation and don't speak Page 3 English. Because of the way that this store takes into account the Hispanic populace, it was fascinating to discover that over some stretch of time, the white client base really hopped drastically. What the specialists found significantly all the more intriguing was the way that the Hispanic clerks really rewarded the white clients superior to the Hispanic ones. The clerks expressed gratitude toward the white clients on a normal multiple times contrasted with one on the Hispanic clients. They invested more energy and waited on the deal with the white client. The Hispanic clerks would in general be all the more benevolent and grin with the white clients. These discoveries conflicted with the discoveries of past research under McCormick and Kinloch (1986). This examination showed that it was increasingly about the racial circumstance among whites and Hispanics instead of the race of the clerk. This was not the situation at La Canasta. It gave the idea that the clerks went the additional mile for their white visitors. Despite the fact that, it was difficult to verbally impart, the clerks would mess with the white clients more than the Hispanic ones. When inquired as to why they went to this particular store, the white visitors demonstrated that they enjoyed being the main hite individual in the store and getting customized consideration. At the point when the clerks were gotten some information about the differing foundation visiting the store, they all demonstrated that there was a reasonable level of white individuals. When asking the white clients, they all demonstrated that they were the main white individuals in the store regardle ss of whether there were other white individuals in the store at that very time. La Canasta shows that their can be separation inside a similar race. â€Å"The clerks don't loathe their White customers†¦ and acknowledge their place in the social hierarchy† (Agius and Lee, 214). Apparently the clerks felt that there was a development in economic wellbeing by helping the white clients. Along these lines, deliberately or subliminally, they rewarded the white clients superior to their own nationality. The clerks accept that â€Å"their nearness alone raises their status† (Agius and Lee, 215). They are clerks, yet clerks that serve white clients. Page 4 Discrimination has been around for a great many years. It saturates all social orders and frequently changes sound men to unreasonable. It isn't simply between two races; it knows no limits or limitations. Inside a culture, there can be separation. It very well may be founded on the slight shade in a skin tone, to the recognition that one's race may raise societal position. It covers all features of a culture from customs to communicating in the language. Decent variety inside the Hispanic culture gives numerous outlets to separation of various types. It is similarly as ruinous intra-racially as it is between racially. Works Cited Jody A. Agius and Jennifer Lee, â€Å"Raising the Status of the Cashier: Latina-White Interactions in an Ethnic Market,† 18/10/201: 27 pages, Springer

Capacity Building as an International Response to Cybercrime Assignment

Limit Building as an International Response to Cybercrime - Assignment Example From the srudy discoveries unmistakably advancements utilized by individuals internationally are required to be sorted out for better use as far as social thought. It is evident that Information and correspondence innovation (ICT) has been quickly changed in the course of recent decades particularly in the northern and southern districts of the world inferable from which various improvement has been seen in different spaces. Outstandingly, the improvement of ICT has expanded the selections of individuals, which further helped them towards individual and expert development. This conversation focuses on that cybercrimes are offenses against PC frameworks, which are directed inside or by means of PC systems. It influences the security alongside the privileges of the individuals living in a general public and on the hand, it further fortifying the nearness of wrongdoing inside a general public. It has been investigated that cybercrime raised impressive hazard for foundation to which the individuals in a general public are needy that further effect the part of security and trust in a negative way. Cybercrime is a specific wrongdoing that is directed with the utilization or inside PCs and web systems. It is viewed by lawful authority as a culpable wrongdoing and is one of the significant issues to be settled in the contemporary situation. Cybercrime is likewise regularly viewed as PC wrongdoing, which include the utilization of PC, as a specific instrument to direct criminal operations, for example, misrepresentation, youngster erotic entertainment and unapp roved access or harm of other’s property among others.

The Aftermath of World War One Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

The Aftermath of World War One - Essay Example The race to pull in the new states turned out to be totally serious. Simultaneously, the Ottoman Empire was rotting at a high rate. The country that had been under the standard of Ottoman became free coming about into change of parity in Europe. Different ethnic gatherings of Austria-Hungary started to battle and push for their freedom. Inconvenience, nonetheless, came up in Weimar Germany after the Versailles bargain. Different disappointments of the settlement rose including loss of the vast majority of the regions of German speakers. Adolf Hitler and the Nazis took over force dependent on these disappointments and thought of belief systems, which included binding together Germans to a solitary country. Pressure was made by the disappointment and the belief systems achieved by the Nazis. Accordingly, Britain teamed up with France taking steps to shape a two-front war in Germany. Germans marked the non-hostility settlement with USSR for their help hence separating Europe into two: Nazi and Soviet impact circles. This started the Second World War in September

Interview with a NYU Stern MBA Student

Be reflective. Make friends. Take full advantage of the opportunity. This interview is the latest in an Accepted.com blog series featuring  interviews with current MBA students, offering readers a behind-the-scenes look at  top MBA programs. And now for a chat with Lenore, a student at NYU Stern. Accepted: We’d like to get to know you! Where are you from? Where and what did you study as an undergrad? What is your favorite ice cream flavor? Lenore: I was born in Philadelphia and raised there and in the suburbs of the city. DC was one of my favorite places to visit growing up. Since it was just a short trip from home and my younger siblings, I was really excited to enroll at American University for my undergrad. I went in thinking I’d study international service, but switched to finance and marketing specializations after my first class in the business school. Ice cream? Probably Ben Jerry’s Half Baked or S’mores. But sometimes Turkey Hill Chocolate Peanut Butter. I guess it depends on the day. 🙂 Accepted: What did you do after finishing college? Lenore: By the time I finished college I had worked in business communications, marketing for a start-up, and nonprofit business development. I didn’t yet understand how I could bring together what I thought were disparate interests in leadership, social impact, and business, so I would take a job and then keep freelancing or consulting or volunteering on the side, always trying to weave together those passions. I would throw myself into projects or jobs, but had a hard time feeling totally satisfied by any one of them. For example: a  friend and I were hired to overhaul a local restaurant’s operations; then I was assistant director of an education nonprofit during a strategic redirection. In 2010 I moved to Haiti and worked as a project manager on a program for small businesses and social enterprises. Each of those experiences was enriching and educational for me, and helped me define my strengths and interests. Accepted: What made you decide to pursue an MBA? Lenore: Even though I went back and forth on how I would use it, I was always sure I would pursue an MBA. I love solving business problems, and believe that business plays an integral role, potentially a hugely positive one, in our communities and society. My MBA application journey was an opportunity to identify patterns and common successes in the pieces of my professional background. Specifically, I started to recognize that the moments I was most proud of were those when I partnered with leaders to help shape their work and achieve success in their organizations. Through the admissions process and my own self-discovery, I recognized that working as a business and executive coach would allow me to combine each of the things I was passionate about. Accepted: How will your MBA help you pursue your entrepreneur goals? Lenore: An MBA deepens my business acumen, allowing me to support leaders more effectively. It also allows me the time to focus solely on my own professional development, which will make me a much better coach. Accepted: How did you go about researching schools? Did you participate in any MBA fairs or events? Lenore: I was first drawn to Stern when, during undergrad, I was looking for MBA programs with real-world opportunities to work in social enterprise. But I kept an open mind, and went to Forte Forums in Washington DC, listened to Forte webinars featuring admissions professionals from several schools, and visited as many of my target programs as I could. I also made a complicated spreadsheet and rating system to track the merits of each school! It was a long process, but I had a great roadmap as a member of the Forte Foundation and the Consortium for Graduate Study in Management. Accepted: Im sure MBA applicants reading your interview would be interested in seeing your spreadsheet. Could you share it with us? Lenore: Unfortunately I no longer have the computer on which I created the spreadsheets, but heres my suggestion if someone were to want to create one: Create a spreadsheet to keep track of important details on each program. My rows were school names, and columns were titled with the features I valued most. I was looking for a program with robust social enterprise and entrepreneurship programs, an urban location, opportunities to travel, and flexibility in the curriculum (but of course these will be different for each applicant). I also took business school rankings into account, and I made a column for notes as well. In as many cases as possible, I went to the school and visited the campus. In some cases, I resorted to reading everything I could find online, and then supplemented that with conversations with current students and alum. Each time I learned more about a program, I tracked the information in my spreadsheetI probably added to it over the course of two years and looked at 12 schools in total. The final addition to my spreadsheet was a column for my own personal rating of each school based all that I had learned. My perso nal ratings were also reflective of the intangibles, such as how well I connected with students during campus visits, as I think those are just as important. All things considered, NYU Stern came out on top, validating the assumption I had made even before doing any research. Despite that I came up with the same result, the spreadsheet process was helpful in that I kept an open mind and it supported me in making an informed decision. Accepted: Can you talk about your experience with the Forte Foundation? How have they helped you in your MBA admissions journey? Lenore: I visited the Forte Foundation website quite regularly throughout my admissions process. The practical resources and webinars were especially helpful. I also valued the offline community that Forte creates; I met a GMAT study buddy and many friends at Forte events. Maybe most importantly, I draw inspiration from the Forte community, which is comprised of so many women living such full lives, pursuing and accomplishing their dreams. Accepted: Which other schools did you apply to? Why did you choose NYU Stern? Lenore: I ultimately applied to only two schools: NYU Stern and Georgetown, and was accepted to both. As I mentioned, I was interested in NYU even during undergrad, as the program offered an ideal match for my values and goals. NYU Stern provides an â€Å"education in possible,† and encourages broad and disruptive thinking. That is just the type of approach I planned to take with my degree and in my work. Accepted: What are your 3 top tips for MBA applicants? Lenore: 1. Be reflective. Your essays and interviews will be stronger if you know yourself and your goals. This process will give you the opportunity to tell your story often, so take the time reflect on what you would like to say. 2. Make friends. There are SO many resources out there for aspiring MBAs that you won’t be able to keep up with all of them yourself. Find buddies (through Forte and other networks) who are going through the process as well and can encourage and support you. 3. Take full advantage of the opportunity. You are making a significant investment, so get all that you can out of the process and the experience. Ask questions, make connections, visit schools, attend webinars: whatever you need to do to be informed and excited about pursuing your degree. For one-on-one guidance on your b-school application, please see our MBA Application Packages.   Thank you Lenore for sharing your story with us!    Accepted.com ~ Helping You Write Your Best Related Resources: †¢Ã‚  NYU Stern 2015 MBA Questions, Tips, and Deadlines †¢ Forte Helps Women in Business Thrive: Interview with Elissa Sangster †¢Ã‚  Interviews with current MBA students

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder How A Nurse Can Notice And Treat It - Free Essay Example

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder or OCD is a common neuro-psychiatric disorder and is considered the 4th most prevalent psychiatric disorder. This disorder is a household topic, used to tease that family member who has to clean that certain thing or organize something in a specific way. While these things are slightly obsessive or even borderline compulsive, it is usually limited to those few pet peeves individuals have. True OCD is marked by distressing, time-consuming, impairing or even disabling habits, rituals and thoughts that affected a persons daily life. Obsessions are repetitive and persistent thoughts that become intrusive. These thoughts stress the person and as a response, they try to overcome them with compulsions. Compulsions are behaviors, words or specific actions that are used to combat or neutralize unwanted thought. For instance, a person may develop irrational thoughts surrounding germ transmission and disease that consumes them. This makes things like touching a doorknob or shaking a hand greatly troubling. A possible behavior this person may develop in response to this thought is compulsive hand washing or sanitizing after every interaction with a possible germ infested object. This is known as contamination OCD. While it is normal for a person to wash their hands, it is considered OCD behavior when these thoughts and/or actions consume the persons time for over an hour each day. The cause of OCD is not yet fully identified. While there is some evidence that it can be inherited, studies do not prove so consistently. Therefore, there are no genetic or other medical tests that can definitively prove OCD is present in a patient. This is where behavior observation and reporting become vital in diagnosis. Unfortunately, OCD is often confused with depression or anxiety disorder. This is where a skilled clinician must understand what OCD is and is not on a deeper level. OCD is ruminations, obsessive thinking, and actions that one feels compelled to do in a similar fashion as mentioned above. OCD is not ruminations with a depressing theme, such as feelings of guilt. It is also important to note that obsessive thoughts associated with OCD are irrational while those associated with anxiety are usually focused on real-life problems related to performance, work or finances. OCD affects people in different ways. Some cases can be considered mild due to the fact that the thoughts and subsequent actions do not interfere with the patients life in a major way. They are still able to get up, go to work and socialize. While the obsessions and compulsions are present, they are not absorbing large amounts of time. Then there are cases so progressed and exhausting to a patient that they may even require outside intervention to get out of bed in the morning. This avoidance of activities and people can affect the personal relationships and ability to function in the modern world so greatly that it may be necessary for public health organizations to intervene. Most of the time OCD is progressive, so a once mild case can easily become severe if left untreated. Of course, the diagnosis, prescription of drugs, and referral for behavioral therapy are reserved for a doctor; but it is essential for a nurse to understand treatment modalities common to this condition. A nurse may find themselves suspecting a patient is OCD for the first time because it is highly likely they may have been mistakenly diagnosed with anxiety or depression as previously mentions. Also, if they are properly diagnosed with OCD it is estimated that only approximately one-third of patients with OCD receive appropriate treatment. Therefore, an advocating nurse will state their recommendation for the following evidence-based treatment. There are both pharmacological and psychological treatments for OCD that are supported by research. The first line pharmacological treatment is with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or SSRIs. These drugs increase levels of serotonin in the brain. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that carries signals between brain cells. When the reuptake of serotonin is stopped or slowed down it allows more serotonin availability. The psychological treatment of OCD is cognitive-behavioral therapy or CBT. This is backed by numerous clinical trials and is used particularly with exposure and response prevention. Exposure to the object or trigger of obsession and compulsion coupled with the deliberate denial of the compulsive act on top of SSRI s has been proven more helpful than pharmacological treatment alone. If the patient is non-compliant with medication and CBT, or the case is so severe that this therapy is not giving the patient relief, there are alternative treatments. Deep-brain stimulation or ablative neurosurgery may be an option for those with severe, incapacitating OCD. A very small amount of patients with OCD qualify for this treatment. Although medical centers around the world offer ablative surgery, only deep-brain stimulation has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of OCD. There is hope for other treatments in the future due to our expanding knowledge of how this disorder affects the brain. A recent study headed by Dr. Van Den Heuvel used brain scans to create detailed maps participants cortex. When comparing, they found that the surface area and thickness of certain regions of the cortex were smaller in people with OCD. They also found that an area of the brain thought to be in charge of planning, and response inhibition, the parietal lobe, was thinned in people with OCD. The team thinks that these brain abnormalities may be the cause, or contribute to the patients obsessions and compulsions. This could lead to more targeted medications or surgical intervention in the future that make better treat or cure OCD. Nurses play an important role in caring for a patient with OCD. Unfortunately, care is often sought when the condition has begun to affect the patient on a daily basis and for extended periods of time. This can make signs and symptoms of the disorder pronounced, affecting coping skills. An appropriate NANDA nursing diagnosis would be ineffective coping. Once this nursing diagnosis has been initiated and proper doctor related pharmacologic and psychologist referral has been made, the nurse can assist the patient in the short term or long term using the following. The nurse can support the patient by acknowledging the patients rituals or compulsions without judging him or her. This can include helping the patient identify situations that trigger obsessions and compulsions. Its important to avoid shaming the said obsessions or compulsions. The nurse must allow the patient to perform rituals if needed while they are in their care without disapproval, and encouraging the patient to verba lize the meaning of the behaviors they perform. The nurse must remember that this disorder is not treated quickly but over time and in collaboration with the patient. Part of that collaboration is deciding with the patient is how and when to begin to gently remind them to limit the time devoted to the behaviors. Another part of the collaboration is helping the patient acknowledge when their roles and responsibilities have been compromised and how to remedy that. Whether the patient is in the acute care setting or a long-term care facility the above method, used with tact and care, can improve patient understanding and strategies to control OCD. It is important for the nurse to implement this plan of care understanding that sometimes the patient may be so severely affected by their condition that treatment changes may become necessary as determined by the patient, the nurse, and the provider. While OCD is a complex problem, that is not fully understood, modern medicine has made strides toward treatment and remission of symptoms. The use of medications and behavioral modification are effective and useful treatments. Many who seek treatment can expect to gain control of their symptoms within a few months. There are still some improvements in care to be made. Community awareness and outreach are needed to bring awareness to the symptoms and why to seek treatment early. Medical personnel must become more familiar with the differences between this condition and depression or anxiety so that the proper treatment can be applied the first time. Cognitive behavioral therapy takes time and some patients, unfortunately, do not get enough time with a behavioral therapist due to insurance, financial and time constraints of modern life. There are strides in research to be made as well. Most trials of medications have only been short-term and are found to be helpful in young adults but not as effective in children. The implications of the brain scan results have yet to be determined. More focused research must be conducted on prevention and better treatment in childhood. Strides have been made in the treatment and management of obsessive-compulsive disorder. However, there is always room for improvement. Nurses play a vital role in recognition and advocacy for evidence-based treatment. Good nursing will bridge the gap between this disorder and science.

Police Brutality Against African Americans - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2729 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/03/29 Category Society Essay Level High school Topics: Police Brutality Essay Did you like this example? Many African Americans become victims of police brutality due to the systemic racism and criminalization of people of color. African Americans are unfairly targeted by law enforcement and not afforded the same rights and privileges as other races in America. There have been many historic events in our current society surrounding police brutality such as the incidents surrounding Rodney King, Tamir Rice, and Eric Garner. After constantly hearing in the news about unarmed African Americans becoming victims to the police, it is clear that African Americans are directly targeted by the police, more specifically black men. According to U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) statistics from 2014, for all age groups, black male individuals are arrested and have the highest rate of imprisonment in state and federal facilities which rate is 3.8 to 10.5 times more than the rate for white men and 1.4 to 3.1 times more than the rate for Hispanic men (Carson 23). The primary factor that explains these statistics is the fact that Africans Americans as a race are racially profiled by the police. The frequencies of which African Americans have been murdered by the police are not accidental situations, nor are they reflective of the excuses that have come to be standard police responses to these situations; fear of personal safety. Police brutality and racially profiling is also not just about individual officers, but a culture that allows prejudice and violence against communities of color to go unchecked. With the use of new and updated technology like body cameras, these statistics could be reversed because they woul d show proof that majority of these incidents are not justified and prevent officers from targeting black men. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Police Brutality Against African Americans" essay for you Create order On March 2, 1991, an African American man named Rodney Glen King was watching a basketball game and drinking 40-ounce beers at a friends house in suburban Los Angeles. Upon leaving his friends house, he ran a red light and nearly caused an accident. When four officers arrived on the scene, they ordered him to get out of the car and get on the ground. At first, he did not comply and just smiled at the scenery around him. The officers described him as having bizarre behavior and a spaced-out look, which they used to try to justify their actions. King was able to successfully avoid a swarming maneuver that the officers tried to use still able to rise to his feet despite being hit twice by an electric stun gun. This is when the officers started to strike them with metal batons and kick him repeatedly, even after him repeatedly saying please stop. A year later, on April 29, 1992 four Los Angeles Police Department officers were acquitted on the beating of Rodney King. There was an 81 secon d video of the beating, that showed a group of officers kicking, stomping, and beating on him with metal batons in an intersection in South Los Angeles. Since it was caught on video, it sparked a national debate about police brutality and injustice. Despite the videotape being shown in court, a jury in Simi Valley concluded a year that the evidence was not sufficient to convict the officers (Owens and Browning 153). Within hours of the jurys verdict, Los Angeles erupted in riots. When it was over, fifty-four people had lost their lives, over 7,000 people had been arrested, and hundreds of millions of dollars worth of property had been destroyed (Deitz 74). Angry crowds gathered in in cities all across the country. When the officer was not indicted in the beating of Rodney King, that represented the usual outcome of cases involving police and unarmed black man. Twelve-year-old Tamir Rice was fatally shot by and killed by a police officer in at Cudell park in Cleveland, Ohio on November 22, 2014. There was a call to the police department stating that there was an African American male in a park brandishing a firearm, and the caller made sure to say that the suspected firearm was presumed to be fake. The police dispatcher who took the call failed to notify the officers of these details. Within seconds of arriving on the scene, one of the officers fired two shots into Tamir Rices abdomen. For 4 full minutes after being shot, he was not given any first aid. He was with his 14-year-old sister at the time, who the officers pinned and handcuffed, preventing her from comforting her bleeding brother. The officers claimed that Tamir didnt respond to them shouting and him and was reaching for a gun in his waistband, although he was unarmed. The officer that fired the gun, Timothy Loehmann, was an officer in training at the time at claimed that he had no choice but to shoot and kill the twelve-year-old. In the investigation it was noted that Tamir had a toy gun. Days after his death, a video went viral showing that Tamirs body fell to the ground immediately after the police cruiser arrived on the scene. This video along with multiply witness testimonies contradicts the officers claims that they were shouting at Tamir, since they gave him no time to react to any warnings that may have been given. Activists and community leaders appealed to the courts to have the two officers arrested and indicted on the charges of murder and negligent homicide, with the video evidence providing probable charge. On December 28, 2015 a grand jury in Cuyahoga County of Ohio decided not to indict the two white police officers, Timothy Loehmann and Frank Garmback, in the death of Tamir Rice. On July 14, 2014 a 43-year-old African American man named Eric Garner died after being detained by police officers of the New York Police Department in Staten Island, New York. Initially, he was arrested for selling individual cigarettes on the streets, which is illegal. The entire arrest was captured on video and showed Garner being held in a chokehold for at least 15 seconds and pinned to the ground. While pinned to the ground by an officer named Daniel Pantaleo, he repeatedly lets him know that the choke hold is impairing him by saying I cant breathe. He wasnt provided any medical assistance, nor did the officers let up on their choke hold. The New York City Medical Examiners Office autopsy report concluded that the chokehold was responsible for his death since he suffered from asthma. Garners death was ruled a homicide by compression of neck (choke hold), compression of chest and prone positioning during physical restraint by police (Sparrow 25). The grand jury failed to indict t he police officer who killed Garner, which started many civil protests. Protesters chanted I cant breathe, in support of trying to get justice for his death. These are just a few of the hundreds of incidents that have occurred, and as a response to the highly publicized police killings of unarmed black men, many civil rights movements have risen. One of the most known is Black Lives Matter, a movement and national organization whose mission is to build local power and to intervene when violence was inflicted on black communities by the state and vigilantes. It was founded in 2013 by Alicia Garza, Opal Tometti, and Patrisse Cullors, therefore it wasnt around during the time of Rodney Kings police encounter and others around that time. Instead of one large organized movement, there were many separate civil rights movements in the 90s. Unlike those previous civil rights movement, Black Lives Matter is decentralized, and encourages leaders from communities all across this country rather than one leader. One of the three founders, Alicia Garza describes this movement as an ideological and political intervention in a world where black lives are systematically and intentionally targeted for demise (Garza). The enragement surrounding the death of Trayvon Martin after he was shot and killed, then put on trial for his own murder, is what led to the Black Lives Matter Movement. The creation of this movement was a response to the anti-black racism that permeates our society, and also unfortunately previous movements. After the death of Trayvon Martin, it became more prevalent to how many African Americans become victims to police brutality, without receiving any justice. Trayvon Martins case differed than most other cases because he was killed by a civilian, not a police officer. After Trayvons death and the verdict of his case was publicized across our country, other cases became widely publicized as well. It ignited an urge in the black community to organize and fight for a change. As more unarmed Black men and women continued to be killed by police officers in cities around the country, the movement utilized social media platforms, primarily Twitter and Facebook, to organize protests in response to police violence against African Americans . By the end of 2015, the ratio was 6:1 of unarmed black men dying as a result of being shot by the police in the United States. Out of the 102 cases that that took place in 2015 that dealt with unarmed African Americans, only ten resulted in police being charged with a crime (Geller et al 2325). The Black Lives Metter movement aims to changes these statistics and unify our society. Groups associated with Black Lives Matter have advocated for a wide variety of policy changes including body cameras, independent special prosecutors, greater transparency in policing (Fasching-Warner and Hartlep 5). This movement has drawn enormous attention from all sides of the political spectrum at the local and national levels. After hearing about the several incidents surrounding police brutality inflicted on African Americans all around our country, there is a clear pattern. After each story breaks out to the public the police release a statement, officers get placed on leave, protests break out, and the case goes to trial with an outcome of no indictment for the police officers. In each of the cases, white police officers were involved and none of them were held accountable for the beatings or deaths, regardless of them being at fault. This is because they are going around killing unarmed African Americans when it is not necessary and claiming it as self-defense. None of these officers are getting indicted on these crimes and it continues to happen, since they know they can get away with it. If these officers truly felt as though their lives were in danger, they could have shot the victims once in the leg to make them unable to get away or even use a taser to make them fall to the ground. The outcome should never be to take a life, unless they propose an actual threat to the officers life. In order to prevent further deaths, the police department should be held accountable. The department has to accept what the officers are doing and hold each officer accountable, as well as be willing to fix the problem. In each case the police officers claimed that they feared for their lives, yet the evidence proved that there was no definitive justification for them to feel threatened. Police officers sign up for a job that ensures the safety of others, so when something goes wrong, they have to be able to admit fault. Law enforcement leaders should promote a vision in which the use of excessive force is the least desirable outcome. To decrease the rates of African Americans being killed, officers should be under audio and video surveillance. They should be required to wear body cameras, in addition to their dashboard cameras, while on duty. This is a way to decrease all forms of police brutality and protect the civilians. In an 18 month study ran in Rialto, California fifty-four officers were randomly assigned to wear a Taser Axon body camera system .The results of the study showed that shifts without cameras experienced twice as many incidents of use of force as shifts with cameras, and the rate of use of force incidents per 1,000 contacts was reduced by 2.5 times overall as compared to the previous twelve-month period (Ready and Young 447) . This proves that body cameras increase transparency and police legitimacy, improve behavior among both police officers and citizens, and reduce police use of force. If more officers wore body cameras, they would be less likely to shoot African Americans as quickly as they do now, thus preventing deaths. Officers are often not held accountable for their misconduct, and the cameras would provide accountability for both the officers and the civilians. They would be held accountable for their actions because there would be clear proof of what happened. The videos from these cameras would serve very useful for criminal proceedings, as they often show the ugly truth of interactions between black people and the police. The outcomes of the cases previously discussed show that videos from bystanders recording from their phones dont result in indictments or convictions because they are considered circumstantial evidence. Body camera footage is much more powerful and indiscriminate when it comes to presenting evidence in court. The footage from the body cameras could also be beneficial to use during training to show examples of how they should and shouldnt conduct themselves. The body cameras should be worn when responding to a 911 call or when they are making a traffic stop, since that is when most of the problems occur. If the cameras only record these particular moments, this will decrease the amount of footage thats being reviewed for a case. It would also bring down the cost of storing these footages. There are currently no federal r ules for when an officer should and should not turn on their cameras, so it would be up to the police department. All departments should make the firm decision of making the police wear cameras during the times they are interacting with people. If the police officer purposely never turns on their cameras, they should be subject to consequences. If a civilian ends up getting hurt in any way during the time their camera is off, the officer should be suspended as opposed to administrative leave. One issue that may arise is who gets access to the cameras. The public does not necessarily need access to the video footage unless they are a part of the victims family or on the team of detectives. Everyone who is in the courtroom, if it makes it to court, should be able to watch the video because it would be considered evidence. If the officer attempts to fabricate the story in any way, the body camera video could easily settle it. Most police departments are funded by the city council. They can receive a grant from the federal government and give details as to what body cameras can do for the country as a whole in order to increase the chance of receiving funding. Some may also argue that making police wear body cameras is an invasion of privacy since all of the police surroundings while arresting someone will be shown. Faces in the surrounding can be easily made anonymous by being blurred out. There is clear tension between police forces and black communities. Violence being i nflicted onto black people by the police is one of the predominant traumatic events that consistently affects the lives of young black youth and our communities. The impact of police brutality is much broader than simply affecting the individuals who have experienced racialized violence, it is a constant reminder of the historic and current devaluing of Black lives (Alang et al. 664). It sends a signal that there is little hope for justice. Police used to be thought of as protecting us, but now they are thought of us the ones who kill us. Since 2005, only 54 officers have been charged in the thousands of fatal shootings, and the vast majority of those officers were exonerated or acquitted (Carasick 4). These targeted victims are often exploited through their criminal records, physical appearances, or misperceived attributes and that has been used to justify their unlawful deaths. Way too often, police officers take away our lives in a flash due to a perceived threat, although the victims that they deemed to be a threat were unarmed, physically subdued, or lying on the ground. The result of this is the tension and lack of trust within the police and black communities throughout America. Police officers have been abusing their powers and our judicial stem has let them get away with it. Holding these officers responsible for their crimes and using body cameras to prove that they are using unnecessary force can turn these statistics around and lower the rates of deaths due to police brutality.

Individual Education Plans (IEP)

Before The Birth Of Science, The Origin Of Fire Could Only

Before the birth of science, the origin of fire could only be speculated by humanity. The Greeks said Prometheus stole fire from the gods and gave it to humans. They also considered fire to be one of the five basic elements of the universe. The Chinese say Hui Lu kept one hundred fire birds in a gourd that had the power to cause forest fires5. The Native Americans explain fire by stating fire was hidden from mankind and that an animal—coyote, woodpecker, or wolf—would steal the fire from the guarded Fire Mountain5. A later theory in the seventeenth century stated that objects containing phlogiston had the ability to catch fire, thus explaining combustion and rusting in archaic times3. However later observations disproved the theory. In†¦show more content†¦From one stable compound comes multiple products caused by the rearrangement of the reactant. If one were to do the calculations for the combustion reaction, the units would be in joules and negative, indicat ing it is an exothermic reaction. Such calculations are vital to maximize output and feed consumption. Today’s demand for electricity is voracious, consuming 3913 billion kilowatt-hours in the United States alone6. According to the Wall Street Journal, coal is currently one of the most used fuel source to produce the United States’ energy along with natural gas, petroleum, renewable energy, and nuclear power1. For a long time, coal has been the best heat source since it contains more heat per gram and potential energy compared to wood’s meager output4. To use coal to produce electricity, the coal is heated and cooled with water. The water vapor is used to turn a turbine connected to a generator, and is later condensed back into liquid water and returned to a body of water or recycled4. 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The Risks Associated With Alcohol Use and Alcoholism

Part One: Alcoholism Today Alcohol consumption is prevalent in our society; people drink while at parties, sporting events, and at dinner. Drinking is socially acceptable and legal, so there is no surprised that many drink. However, individuals can be deemed deviant if they exceed a certain level of drinking. The deviant receives the label of an alcoholic; to distinguish their behavior is outside the normal values of our society. â€Å"Nearly one-third of the US population will meet criteria for alcohol abuse or dependence within their lifetime† (Young, 2011). Alcoholism is considered deviant because the person drinks excessively and frequently disregarding the safety of themselves and others. Society stigmatizes these individual as†¦show more content†¦The inability to give up drinking proves the substance has become addictive. Binge-drinking is considered normal, because although they display excessive use, the person can choose not drink from months; however an alcoholic has a need for the alcohol and cannot delay their drinking behavior. In today’s society alcoholism is seen as a deviant behavior that constitutes as a disease because of the addicted qualities. Some people are more susceptible to alcoholism, â€Å"Today, the disease narrative which dominates in the West casts individual biology (e.g., brain chemistry or the alcoholism gene) as the cause† (Young, 2011). A child of an alcoholic parent is more likely to be addictive to the substance themselves, because of the addictive gene. Another factor that would contribute to the child holding addictive qualities would be they failed to learn the normal drinking behavior, because they have only observed excessive drinking. Alcohol is a mind altering substance that impairs judgment and behaviors. 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Vedic Mathematics free essay sample

The Basic Course covers the following topics: Complements by Vedic formula â€Å"All from 9, last from 10† Subtraction using complements Addition of numbers Left to right addition By â€Å"addition and subtraction† By â€Å"elimination and retention† Operations with â€Å"Unit base number 1† Multiplying 2-Digits numbers ending in 1 Multiplying 2-Digits numbers beginning with 1 Multiplying 2-Digit numbers by 11 Multiplying 3-Digit numbers by 11 Multiplying 4-Digit numbers by 11 Multiplying a number by 22, 33, 44 etc. Unit Base Number 1 Multiplying by 111 2-Digits by 111 3-Digits by 111 4-Digits by 111 Multiplying by 222, 333, 444, etc. Multiplying by 1111 Multiplying by 2222, 3333, 4444, etc. Complement numbers Multiplying by 5 (Unit base 10) Multiplying by 25 (Unit base 100) Multiplying by 125 (Unit base 1000) Magical number 9 Multiplication by 9 Multiplication by 99 Multiplication by series of 9 Division by 9 Digit Sum or Digital Roots Digit sum of any number Casting out of 9 Casting out numbers adding to 9 Divisibility test for 3 and 9 Using Digit sums in checking Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division Multiplication by â€Å"All from 9, last from 10† Base method multiplication Below base 10 Below base 100 Below base 1000 Base method multiplication Below base 10 Below base 100 Below base 1000 Multiplication below and above base One number below 10 and one above 10 One number below 100 and one above 100 One number below 1000 and one above 1000 Vedic formulas â€Å"Proportionately† Multiplication with sub-bases 50, 250, 500, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Vedic Mathematics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Multiplication with any sub-base With same 10s digits and unit digits adding to 10 With same unit digits and ten’s digits adding to 10 â€Å"Vertically and Cross-wise† multiplication 2-Digits by 2-Digits 3-Digits by 3-Digits 4-Digits by 4-Digits Vedic formula â€Å"Addition and subtraction† Multiplication tables on fingers Table number 9 Table number 8 Table number 19 Table number 18 Writing any tables Nine point circle and tables Checking tables with digital roots Squaring by â€Å"Various Vedic methods† Squaring by â€Å"Base method† Squaring by â€Å"Vertically and crosswise† Squaring by â€Å"Duplex method† Squaring â€Å"Special numbers† Squaring numbers ending in 1 Squaring numbers ending in 9 Squaring numbers ending in 5 Squaring numbers beginning with 5 Squaring numbers between 25 and 50 Squaring numbers between 50 and 100 Squaring by Vedic formula â€Å"Yavadoonam† Squaring 2-digit numbers near sub-bases Squaring 3-digit numbers near sub-bases Multiplying 2-digit numbers by formula Differing by 1 of sub-base Differing by 2 of sub-base Differing by 3 of sub-base Square root by Vedic formula â€Å"By mere observation† Pattern in square of a number and its square root Square root of 1-digit and 2-digit numbers Square root of 3-digit and 4-digit numbers Square root and digital roots Square root by Vedic division Divisibility tests Divisibility test for number 2, 5 and 10 Divisibility test for 3 and 9 Divisibility test for number 4 Divisibility test for number 8 Divisibility test for number 6 Divisibility test for number 7 Divisibility test for number 11 Division by complement numbers Division by 5 (Unit base 10) Division by 25 (Unit base 100) Division by 125 (Unit base 1000) Division by â€Å"Nikhilam formula† Division by 2-digit number Division by 3-digit number Division by â€Å"Transpose and apply† Division by 2- digit number Division by 3- digit number Division by Vedic formula â€Å"Flag digit† Division by 2- digit number Division by 3- digit number Division with adjustments Introduction to â€Å"Vinculum numbers† Convert normal numbers to vinculum form Convert Vinculum numbers to normal form Subtraction using Vinculum numbers Addition and subtraction using Vinculum numbers

Management Accounting Computing Appropriate Cost

Question: Describe about the Management Accounting for Computing Appropriate Cost. Answer: Introduction According the study, it is stated that computing appropriate cost for manufactured goods and services are one of the essential business activities. The allocation of cost for any particular product or services is always considered on the basis of their selling prices and amount of profitability Company is expecting from those activities. As per the AASB 102, it is considered that inventories costs are always based on cost of purchase of that particular product, cost of conversion during its selling activities and others related cost (AASB 2013). On the other hand, allocation of proper cost and expenses by supporting other related cost of production and conversion cost. Lets take an example, while production buck amount of goods within a manufacturing concern, purchase cost of indirect materials are related to production cost and cost of raw material will be included into purchase cost. It is also supportive, while determining appropriate amount of cost of products required a specific procedures and concepts which are initiated by AASB. Specific Purpose behind Establishing a Production Costing System The establishment of product costing system is beneficial for both product as well as service rendering organization. Basically this costing system is initiated for determining the cost of both manufactured products and others related services rendered by the company to their customers (Fullerton, Kennedy and Widener 2013). There are two specific objective organizations have related to product costing system. Those are basically primary objectives and secondary objectives. Primary objectives behind establishment of product costing system There are several aims and objectives which are related to production costing system implementing and providing benefits to different business entities. Those activities are basically related to determining the cost of the manufactured products and rendering services of that particular organization (James and Colella 2012). It is an important process of a manufacturing concern to allocating the proper price to avoid the losses within that particular event. Proper allocations of expenses are also required to control and monitored the operating expenses of the organization. According to the AASB regulations, it is stated that production cost required to be calculated on the basis of total manufacturing cost bear by an organization within a financial period of time (Brandon 2016). Generally consideration of unrelated costs is lead to increase the product cost of the company which is one of the major reason for organization incurring losses within a specific period of time. Ascertaining better selling prices and allocation of profitability index is always a big factor for an organization. It is also recognized that ascertaining of selling price of a produced goods is also based on the competitive pricing basis (Hofstede 2012). The overall accounting process is determining that costs of production, gross profit, and net profit for an organizational financial statement are interrelated. These activities are also helpful for a entity to make a proper decision for the benefit of the organization. So it is proved that without allocation of production costing system determination of proper profit and selling price for manufactured products of an organization is complex in nature. Secondary objectives behind usage of production cost system There are several secondary objectives of a business entity while following a production cost system into making better decision making processes. Calculation of production cost and its related expenses are necessary for an organization and production costing system is one of most appropriate way to manage those costs effectively (Hart, Wilson and Fergus 2012). There are basically different expenses and overheads which are required to be controlled and securitized by the management of a particular entity effectively. Preparation of budget, enhancement of efficiency level of an organization during their production process is also applicable for a concern for managing various related departments (Drury 2013). The particular management of an organization is required to take a appropriate decision while allocating their production related cost or measurement of profitability of an organization within a specified period of time. These product costing systems is also supportive for identif ying total contribution as well as break even cost of the organization. Schedule Preparation for Cost of Goods Produced and Cost of Goods Sold Within an Manufacturing Concern Schedule preparation for cost of goods produced The schedule for measuring and recording the cost of total goods produced is an essential statement for measurement of appropriate amount of goods manufactured within a specified period of time. This schedule also holding several cost related to computation of total cost of produced goods step wise (Collier 2015). The basic cost of produced goods are calculated on the basis of adding total direct material and direct labor cost for a specified period of time. On the other hand, the prime cost which is included material and labor cost are also added factory overhead to determine the factory cost of that particular concern, factory cost is also included with various indirect and factory related cost (Demski 2013). Production cost of a manufacturing concern always included prime cost, factory cost; work in progress during the period of production processes to monitor the total amount of completion has been done or required for a particular project. For Seafarer Kayaks, cost of goods manufactured has been adjustable by incorporating net amount of work in progress which included with factory cost (Crosson and Needles 2013). In the books of Seafarer Kayaks Schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured Yearly Figures Particulars Amount Amount Direct Material Consumed : Raw Material Purchase $ 120000 Add : Opening Balance of Raw Material $25000 $145000 Less: Closing Balance of Raw Material $24000 $121000 Direct Labor Costs : $35700 Prime Cost $156700 Factory Overhead: Indirect Labor Cost $15000 Factory Managers' Salary $12000 Factory Supplies $5000 Depreciation - Factory Building $6500 Depreciation - Factory Equipment $8900 Insurance Factory $5000 Repairs Maintenance - Factory $2500 Land Tax - Factory $2200 $57100 Factory Cost $213800 Opening Balance of Work-in-Progress $8000 Less: Closing Balance of Work-in-Progress $7500 $500 Costs Of Goods Manufactured $214300 Source: (Created by author) Schedule Preparation for Cost of Goods Sold Within an Manufacturing Concern The schedule for preparation of cost of goods sold has been calculated on the basis of total expenses incurred relatively measurement of total units of goods sold. The sold goods are only considered in the cost of goods sold figure, rest of others is denoted as finished goods (Clarke 2012). The gross margin of the concern is determined for calculating revenue excluding total expenses and cost related to manufacturing of goods. For ascertaining the cost of goods sold for particular manufacturing activities has been adjusted with opening balance of finished goods and its closing balance simultaneously. In the books of Seafarer Kayaks Schedule of Cost of Goods Sold Yearly figures Particulars Amount Amount Costs Of Goods Manufactured $214300 Opening Balance of Finished Goods $12500 Less: Closing Balance of Finished Goods $13600 -$1100 Cost Of Goods Sold $213200 Source: (Created by author) There are various expenses which are not considered in manufacturing cost or cost of goods sold. These are indirect cost only providing impact on enhancement of sales activities of the company (Chang and Dzan 2012). On the other hand, administrative costs, employees salary and others indirect costs are related to sales process but there are no link with production process. So according to the process procedures and regulation these indirect expenses are also not included in the above mentioned schedules. Calculations of T-Accounts and Overheads T-Accounts of Seafarer Kayaks Manufacturing Concern Raw Material A/c. Date Particulars Amount (Dr.) Date Particulars Amount (Cr.) 1st July To, Balance B/F $25000 30th June By, Work-in-Progress A/c $121000 To, Accounts Payable A/c. $120000 30th June By, Balance C/F $24000 $145000 $145000 Work-in-Progress A/c. Date Particulars Amount (Dr.) Date Particulars Amount (Cr.) 1st July To, Balance B/F $8000 By, Finished Goods A/c $121500 To, Raw Materials A/c $121000 30th April By, Balance C/F $7500 $129000 $129000 Finished Goods A/c. Date Particulars Amount (Dr.) Date Particulars Amount (Cr.) 1st July To, Balance B/F $12500 By, Cost of Goods Sold A/c $120400 To, Work-in-Progress A/c $121500 30th June By, Balance C/F $13600 $134000 $134000 iii) Manufacturing Overhead A/c. Date Particulars Amount (Dr.) Date Particulars Amount (Cr.) 30th June To Bank A/c $57100 By, Cost of Goods Sold A/c $57100 $57100 $57100 ii) Accounts Payable A/c. Date Particulars Amount (Dr.) Date Particulars Amount (Cr.) 30th April To, Bank A/c. $117500 1st July By, Balance B/F $20000 By, Raw Material A/c $120000 30th June By, Balance C/f $22500 $140000 $140000 Cost of Goods Sold A/C Date Particulars Amount (Dr.) Date Particulars Amount (Cr.) 30th June To Finished Goods A/c. $120400 To Direct Labor Cost A/c. $35700 To, Manufacturing Overhead A/c. $57100 30th June By, Income Statement $213200 $213200 $213200 Applied Overhead and Actual Overhead Over / Under Valuation of Overhead Direct Labor Hours Direct Labor Hours Total Overhead Cost Predetermined Overhead 850 $63 $53,550 Actual Overhead $57,100 Under Applied Overhead Rate ($3,550) Source: (Created by author) Journal Entry for Under-Applied Overhead: Cost of Goods Sold A/c..Dr $3550 To, Manufacturing Overhead A/c $3550Cr Issue and Journal Entries For Under and Over Applied Overheads Bear by the Manufacturing Concern Generally manufacturing concerns are maintaining their books of accounts through preparation of budgets by monitoring their specified production level. Though in many cases, it is found that budgeted overhead figures estimated by the organization is different from actual incurred figures. The gap between budgeted and actual expenses is basically segmented into two categories. When budgeted figures are greater than actual one, it is considered over applied if actual is greater than budgeted, it is considered as under applied overhead (Brigham and Houston 2012). These gaps are created due to several causes are following below. Increment and decrement in actual output level. Fluctuations in actual consumption units by considering various cost factors like energy, human power and raw material. Insufficient production activities, due to that reduction in consumption levels. Strike budgetary control activities and implementing modern technology. Journal Entries for Elimination of Figure Gap For under applied overheads: Cost of Goods Sold A/c..Dr To, Manufacturing Overhead A/c..Cr For over applied overheads: Manufacturing Overhead A/c..Dr To, Cost of Goods Sold A/c ..Cr Importance of Standard Costing System There is various number of important aspects are related to standard costing system. It is mostly required for budget controlling activities of the organization, for handling their production process. With the support of this system, it is easier to track and resolve various cost related adjustments and variance between actual and budgetary costing system (Braun, Tietz and Harrison 2013). The managerial authorities of the Company Seafarer Kayaks can appropriately take the benefits of standard costing system and related processes. These processes will support the company to create strong budgetary controlling and monitoring procedures, proper reconciliation activities and appropriate system for indentifying the variances between estimated and actual expenses incurred by them with a specific period. Conclusion According to the overall analysis, it is shown that it is essential for a firm or individual to follow an appropriate product costing method. The entire process is supporting management of a organization to manage and control while setting the cost of offered products and services. The management costing is also supportive to make proper decision making strategies. On the other hand, owners of the company Seafarer Kayaks required making implementation of sufficient costing methods for continuing their manufacturing concerns operation effectively. References AASB, C.A.S., 2013. Fair Value Measurement. Brandon, G., 2016. 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Roswell UFO Presence In The Universe Essays - Roswell UFO Incident

Roswell: UFO Presence in the Universe Argumentative essay " UFO Presence in the Universe " The Roswell Issue For fifty years the unexplained air craft wreckage found outside Roswell, New Mexico, has been in the center of on-going speculation about alien life forms and US Government and Military cover-ups. It is my personal belief that extraterrestrial bodies are present in this Universe and have landed on earth. There is more evidence pointing to the fact that there are aliens present in the universe as proved in this essay. Retired military officials will admit to there being extraterrestrials being present on earth. An excellent example of this is what happened in Roswell, New Mexico, in 1947. When the US Government and Military first found the wreckage of an unidentified aircraft they issued a press release stating that they had come into possession of an Unidentified Flying Object. The present US Government have passed the Roswell incident off as a closed case - their investigations declared the incident to be nothing more than a crashed weather balloon from the top secret Project Mogul and the alien bodies merely to be crash test dummies. This essay will argue the point that there is other life in the Universe and that the crash landing at Roswell in 1947, was an alien space craft and not a weather balloon. Leading up to the 'Roswell Incident' UFOs were spotted all over New Mexico and the mid-western coast line. On July 1 of 1947, an Unidentified Flying Object appeared on the radar screens of surrounding airforce bases. People also saw these objects in the skies that night and the next. On July 4 - Independence Day - radar screens showed an object pulsate then explode. Some archaeologists in the area were watching the sky and saw the aerial display as did a large number of the people living in the town. The archaeologists set out the next morning to look for the wreckage they saw fall to ground after the explosion. They reached the crash site about 10am and found wreckage scattered over a site three quarters of a mile long and two to three hundred feet wide. The archaeology team alerted authorities then peered into the rubble to find the bodies of five aliens (the number of aliens is debatable), four of them already dead but one still alive with a severe wound to the thigh. The witnesses are sure they saw aliens in the space ship, not crash dummies, and the wreckage was too advanced to be human technology. A number of witnesses who saw the crash site before the US Government intervened were interviewed and all gave comprehensive descriptions of the aliens and their flying craft. All descriptions were very similar and if a number of people can give the same detailed evidence, something must have occurred. Many army retirees have come forward to tell their stories concerning the truth of what happened at Roswell. The US Government will probably continue changing their stories of what they say happened (the crashed weather balloon). Only when new witnesses come forward and share their information will the truth eventually be exposed. For months after the incident, thousands of hopeful alien enthusiasts flocked to the alleged crash site to view the most famous alien crash site to date. So much attention was placed on the site that the few residents of Roswell, New Mexico, claimed that they feared the aliens would return and invade. Witnesses claim to have received death threats from the military; they were also told to deny all knowledge of what they had seen. The pieces of the alien space craft were taken to Groom Lake Airforce Base also known as Area 51. Area 51 is a top secret military installation designed to house many of the government's secret details concerning alien aircraft. Substantial amounts of money was spent to protect the citizens of the world from receiving the truth about Area 51 and the alien presence among us. Recent developments have occurred when three-thousand nine hundred more acres have been purchased by the US government that adjoins the Groom Lake Airforce Base to house what could be up to four hundred newly found pieces from alien aircraft (as shown in documents retrieved from the internet). Now over fifty years since the uncovering of perhaps the strongest single piece of evidence to support the theory that aliens are present in the Universe, the American Government will still not admit involvement in covering-up the event, that took place on July 8, 1947, in Roswell, New Mexico. Nearly every

A Globalization of All Trade Is a Fundamental Fact of the Market Economy

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